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广州首次出台农田基础设施管护规范性文件，11月1日起实施_包括_办法_我的网站
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原标题：广州首次出台农田基础设施管护规范性文件，11月1日起实施农田设施“三分建、七分管”。 
When even major US allies and trading partners are swept into Washington's alleged China-linked transshipment network, is the US still cracking down on its so-called illegal tariff evasion, or is it raising its "small yard, high fence" higher and tighten it further by wielding its tariff stick and extending tariff controls across normal global supply chains?
The White House on Thursday released a report identifying roughly 40 economies as participants in what it calls a "Shadow Transshipment Network", alleging that Chinese goods are being routed through third countries to evade higher US tariffs. The list stretches across Asia, Europe and the Americas and includes some of Washington's closest allies and largest trading partners.
Chinese experts said the report is partly aimed at defending Washington's tariff policy by shifting responsibility for its weakened impact onto other economies, while also pressuring them to follow US trade and origin rules. In effect, the US is trying to extend its unilateral trade restrictions beyond its own borders and deeper into global supply chains, they said.
Build 'higher fence'
The 25-page report claims that US import sourcing saw a "substantial reallocation" after the 2018 tariffs, as China's direct share declined and imports from identified transshipment economies rose. It alleges that some goods were routed through lower-tariff jurisdictions, where minor processing, relabeling, repackaging, re-invoicing or paperwork changes were used to create the appearance of a new national origin.
However, the report itself acknowledges that alleged transshipment risks in several major economies are "embedded within broad legitimate trade flows." It also admitted that the post-2018 shift in US imports "does not establish" that all displaced Chinese trade was illegally transshipped and partly reflected "legitimate changes in production, investment, and sourcing."
False declarations of origin or simple repackaging can amount to tariff circumvention, but investing overseas, building factories abroad or sourcing components across borders are legitimate forms of supply-chain adjustment, experts said.
One purpose of the report is to portray Washington's tariff policy as effective while attributing its diminished impact to the responses of other economies, Zhou Mi, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, told the Global Times.
This allows Washington to shift responsibility onto other economies and put itself in a more favorable position in shaping the narrative around its tariff policy, Zhou said.
Cui Fan, a professor at the University of International Business and Economics, told the Global Times that US rules for determining country of origin are not fully aligned with those used by other economies. The latest move could pressure other countries to adopt US standards, but Cui said such an approach is unlikely to work.
"Countries formulate their rules of origin based on a range of factors, including the scale and technological conditions of their own industries," Cui said. "Industrial structures and the global division of labor cannot be reshaped simply through pressure from one country."
Harmonization of rules of origin - applying the same rules across countries regardless of purpose - "would facilitate the flow of international trade," according to WTO on its website.
It has also warned that misuse of such rules may turn them into "a trade policy instrument" rather than merely a device supporting other trade policy measures, according to WTO.
Washington was pursuing hegemonic politics and unilateral bullying in the economic and trade sphere under the guise of "reciprocity", a spokesperson for China's Ministry of Commerce said when commenting on the US use of tariffs to pressure other countries into restricting economic and trade cooperation with China.
Disrupting global supply chains
Cui said production and trade networks linking China with South Korea, Europe and other economies have taken shape over years of market-driven specialization. By lowering production and logistics costs and improving efficiency, these networks have benefited businesses and consumers across participating economies.
"The real challenge facing global trade today is not so-called illegal transshipment, but the continued damage that unilateralism and trade protectionism are inflicting on the multilateral trading system," Cui added.
Since returning to office, the Trump administration has made tariffs a centerpiece of its trade policy, rolling out sweeping "reciprocal tariffs" and other broad duties that have drawn widespread criticism at home and abroad. On Thursday, Washington announced new Section 232 tariffs on drones and their parts and components, further expanding the range of products subject to US tariffs.
US tariffs have themselves pushed companies to reconfigure supply chains. Washington is now citing those very adjustments as evidence of circumvention, effectively using the market fallout from its own tariff policy to justify further trade restrictions, Chinese experts noted.
International trade is based on mutual benefit, and sovereign countries have the legitimate right to conduct economic and trade cooperation independently, Cui said. "No country should interfere with normal global trade simply to advance its own unilateral interests."
The report broadens its scrutiny beyond routing and documentation to include China-origin inputs or components, Chinese ownership or financing, relationships with Chinese suppliers or manufacturers, China-based production steps and China-origin routing histories.
Analysts believed the latest move is more than simply making the existing "high fence" higher. By trying to bring more economies and a larger portion of global supply chains within the reach of US tariff enforcement, Washington attempted to make the "yard" itself much bigger.
Cui warned that sustained US pressure to reshape normal trade and supply-chain links could fragment mature regional production networks, and reduce the efficiency of global resource allocation, with the impact extending far beyond China-US trade given the wide range of economies named in the report.
Zhou noted that companies would be forced to redesign supply chains to manage rising policy risks, adding costs that could feed back into the US through higher inflation while creating broader frictions and instability for global trade.
。近日，广州市农业农村局在全省率先制定了《广州市农田基础设施管护办法》（以下简称《办法》）。《办法》经市人民政府同意，于2022年11月1日起实施，有效期为5年。据了解，该《办法》是广州首次针对农田基础设施管护工作制定出台的部门规范性文件，是农田建设项目管理领域改革创新的重要举措，对管护责任、管护范围和内容、管护经费筹措与管理、财政资金管护项目流程、监督考核等方面进行明确，有助于全市农田基础设施管护工作有序、高效、持续发展，扎实推进广州农田建设事业高质量发展。管护范围：涵盖两大类10小类42种主要设施根据《办法》，农田基础设施管护是指对农田基础设施进行日常检查和定期检查中发现的轻微和局部损坏进行的修理、保养和防护，以及每年按计划定期进行的整修和养护，以维持工程完好，保持项目的设计功能，保证工程正常运行与长期发挥效益。《办法》指出，管护范围主要包括高标准农田设施以及农田水利设施两大类10小类42种主要设施的管护内容。重点加强田间灌排系统、道路、输配电等设施的管护。其中，高标准农田设施管护主要包括几大类：一是土壤改良监测，主要包括土壤质量监测站（点）及附属设施；二是田间道路，主要包括田间道、生产路、桥、涵，及其配套设施；三是农田防护与生态环境保持，主要包括农田林网、岸坡防护设施、沟道治理设施、农田废弃物收集设施、生物通道及配套设施；四是农田输配电，主要包括输电线路、变配电设施及其配套设施；以及其他方面，包括公示碑（牌）、项目购置设备等。农田水利设施管护内容主要包括五大类：一是小型取水设施及配套设施，主要包括井、泵、井房、井台、管道、涵、闸、配电等设施；二是蓄水设施及配套设施，主要包括陂、坝、引水渠等设施；三是灌排水设施及配套设施，主要包括各类渠道、排水沟和渠系建筑物；四是高效节水灌溉设施及配套设施，主要包括供水、输水管道、压力表、减压阀、配电等设施；五是附属设施，包括防护栏、警示牌、计量装置等设施。管护主体：实行市、区、镇（街）分级管理《办法》明确，广州农田基础设施按照“谁所有、谁管护”的原则确定管护主体。未明确产权归属或产权不明晰的，按照“谁受益、谁管护，谁使用、谁管护”的原则确定管护主体。
。When even major US allies and trading partners are swept into Washington's alleged China-linked transshipment network, is the US still cracking down on its so-called illegal tariff evasion, or is it raising its "small yard, high fence" higher and tighten it further by wielding its tariff stick and extending tariff controls across normal global supply chains?
The White House on Thursday released a report identifying roughly 40 economies as participants in what it calls a "Shadow Transshipment Network", alleging that Chinese goods are being routed through third countries to evade higher US tariffs. The list stretches across Asia, Europe and the Americas and includes some of Washington's closest allies and largest trading partners.
Chinese experts said the report is partly aimed at defending Washington's tariff policy by shifting responsibility for its weakened impact onto other economies, while also pressuring them to follow US trade and origin rules. In effect, the US is trying to extend its unilateral trade restrictions beyond its own borders and deeper into global supply chains, they said.
Build 'higher fence'
The 25-page report claims that US import sourcing saw a "substantial reallocation" after the 2018 tariffs, as China's direct share declined and imports from identified transshipment economies rose. It alleges that some goods were routed through lower-tariff jurisdictions, where minor processing, relabeling, repackaging, re-invoicing or paperwork changes were used to create the appearance of a new national origin.
However, the report itself acknowledges that alleged transshipment risks in several major economies are "embedded within broad legitimate trade flows." It also admitted that the post-2018 shift in US imports "does not establish" that all displaced Chinese trade was illegally transshipped and partly reflected "legitimate changes in production, investment, and sourcing."
False declarations of origin or simple repackaging can amount to tariff circumvention, but investing overseas, building factories abroad or sourcing components across borders are legitimate forms of supply-chain adjustment, experts said.
One purpose of the report is to portray Washington's tariff policy as effective while attributing its diminished impact to the responses of other economies, Zhou Mi, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, told the Global Times.
This allows Washington to shift responsibility onto other economies and put itself in a more favorable position in shaping the narrative around its tariff policy, Zhou said.
Cui Fan, a professor at the University of International Business and Economics, told the Global Times that US rules for determining country of origin are not fully aligned with those used by other economies. The latest move could pressure other countries to adopt US standards, but Cui said such an approach is unlikely to work.
"Countries formulate their rules of origin based on a range of factors, including the scale and technological conditions of their own industries," Cui said. "Industrial structures and the global division of labor cannot be reshaped simply through pressure from one country."
Harmonization of rules of origin - applying the same rules across countries regardless of purpose - "would facilitate the flow of international trade," according to WTO on its website.
It has also warned that misuse of such rules may turn them into "a trade policy instrument" rather than merely a device supporting other trade policy measures, according to WTO.
Washington was pursuing hegemonic politics and unilateral bullying in the economic and trade sphere under the guise of "reciprocity", a spokesperson for China's Ministry of Commerce said when commenting on the US use of tariffs to pressure other countries into restricting economic and trade cooperation with China.
Disrupting global supply chains
Cui said production and trade networks linking China with South Korea, Europe and other economies have taken shape over years of market-driven specialization. By lowering production and logistics costs and improving efficiency, these networks have benefited businesses and consumers across participating economies.
"The real challenge facing global trade today is not so-called illegal transshipment, but the continued damage that unilateralism and trade protectionism are inflicting on the multilateral trading system," Cui added.
Since returning to office, the Trump administration has made tariffs a centerpiece of its trade policy, rolling out sweeping "reciprocal tariffs" and other broad duties that have drawn widespread criticism at home and abroad. On Thursday, Washington announced new Section 232 tariffs on drones and their parts and components, further expanding the range of products subject to US tariffs.
US tariffs have themselves pushed companies to reconfigure supply chains. Washington is now citing those very adjustments as evidence of circumvention, effectively using the market fallout from its own tariff policy to justify further trade restrictions, Chinese experts noted.
International trade is based on mutual benefit, and sovereign countries have the legitimate right to conduct economic and trade cooperation independently, Cui said. "No country should interfere with normal global trade simply to advance its own unilateral interests."
The report broadens its scrutiny beyond routing and documentation to include China-origin inputs or components, Chinese ownership or financing, relationships with Chinese suppliers or manufacturers, China-based production steps and China-origin routing histories.
Analysts believed the latest move is more than simply making the existing "high fence" higher. By trying to bring more economies and a larger portion of global supply chains within the reach of US tariff enforcement, Washington attempted to make the "yard" itself much bigger.
Cui warned that sustained US pressure to reshape normal trade and supply-chain links could fragment mature regional production networks, and reduce the efficiency of global resource allocation, with the impact extending far beyond China-US trade given the wide range of economies named in the report.
Zhou noted that companies would be forced to redesign supply chains to manage rising policy risks, adding costs that could feed back into the US through higher inflation while creating broader frictions and instability for global trade.
。近日，广州市农业农村局在全省率先制定了《广州市农田基础设施管护办法》（以下简称《办法》）。《办法》经市人民政府同意，于2022年11月1日起实施，有效期为5年。据了解，该《办法》是广州首次针对农田基础设施管护工作制定出台的部门规范性文件，是农田建设项目管理领域改革创新的重要举措，对管护责任、管护范围和内容、管护经费筹措与管理、财政资金管护项目流程、监督考核等方面进行明确，有助于全市农田基础设施管护工作有序、高效、持续发展，扎实推进广州农田建设事业高质量发展。管护范围：涵盖两大类10小类42种主要设施根据《办法》，农田基础设施管护是指对农田基础设施进行日常检查和定期检查中发现的轻微和局部损坏进行的修理、保养和防护，以及每年按计划定期进行的整修和养护，以维持工程完好，保持项目的设计功能，保证工程正常运行与长期发挥效益。《办法》指出，管护范围主要包括高标准农田设施以及农田水利设施两大类10小类42种主要设施的管护内容。重点加强田间灌排系统、道路、输配电等设施的管护。其中，高标准农田设施管护主要包括几大类：一是土壤改良监测，主要包括土壤质量监测站（点）及附属设施；二是田间道路，主要包括田间道、生产路、桥、涵，及其配套设施；三是农田防护与生态环境保持，主要包括农田林网、岸坡防护设施、沟道治理设施、农田废弃物收集设施、生物通道及配套设施；四是农田输配电，主要包括输电线路、变配电设施及其配套设施；以及其他方面，包括公示碑（牌）、项目购置设备等。农田水利设施管护内容主要包括五大类：一是小型取水设施及配套设施，主要包括井、泵、井房、井台、管道、涵、闸、配电等设施；二是蓄水设施及配套设施，主要包括陂、坝、引水渠等设施；三是灌排水设施及配套设施，主要包括各类渠道、排水沟和渠系建筑物；四是高效节水灌溉设施及配套设施，主要包括供水、输水管道、压力表、减压阀、配电等设施；五是附属设施，包括防护栏、警示牌、计量装置等设施。管护主体：实行市、区、镇（街）分级管理《办法》明确，广州农田基础设施按照“谁所有、谁管护”的原则确定管护主体。未明确产权归属或产权不明晰的，按照“谁受益、谁管护，谁使用、谁管护”的原则确定管护主体。
B | 整体上看，农田基础设施管护工作实行市、区、镇（街）分级管理。区政府是农田基础设施管护的责任主体，镇政府（街道办）履行属地管理职责，市、区农业农村主管部门负有监管责任。
C | 《办法》提出，市农业农村主管部门负责指导全市农田建设项目管护工作，制定市级管护制度、标准和规范，加强培训和监督管理，建立农田基础设施管护评价体系，并负责监督检查各区农业农村主管部门开展管护工作的进度与成效。
D | 区农业农村主管部门负责监督指导本行政区域内农田基础设施管护工作，组织并督促管护问题的整改落实，指导镇政府（街道办）、村民委员会或农业经营主体签订管护协议。镇政府（街道办）则负责所属的农田基础设施管护的具体组织实施和管理，督促已流转农田的流入方落实管护责任。《办法》还指出，村级组织和农民群众是农田基础设施的直接受益主体，应主动参与设施管护。村级组织对所属农田基础设施承担管护责任。
E | 如委托村民、农民合作社或者社会力量等代管的，村级组织要承担监督责任。并且，村级组织应采取多种形式组织引导农民参与农田基础设施管护。值得一提的是，《办法》特别提到，农田基础设施管护项目实行年度验收制。市、区农业农村主管部门应加强对农田基础设施管护工作的监督检查，将管护工作情况作为农田建设工作评价的重要指标，列入粮食安全考核、耕地保护目标责任考核。经费筹措与管理：按农田基础设施产权所有划定落实农田基础设施管护工作是一项长期的系统性工作，离不开各类经费支撑，如何有效筹措并管理好管护经费？《办法》首先明确，在确保符合各类资金使用管理规定的前提下，产权归政府或其授权部门所有的农田基础设施，管护资金可通过按规定统筹整合各级涉农资金筹集；产权划归村级组织所有的，主要由村集体经济收益或自主筹资筹劳等予以保障。《办法》特别指出，可探索开展高标准农田建设项目金融保险等方式拓宽管护经费来源渠道。村级组织可通过提取公益金、村民“一事一议”制度等，积极筹措管护资金。集体经济实力强的村通过从集体收益中提取资金作为管护资金。《办法》提到，区农业农村主管部门应组织开展年度资金需求申报，将应由政府承担的农田基础设施管护经费纳入本级部门预算予以保障。若是纳入市级涉农资金管理的农田建设项目结余资金，可按照涉农资金统筹整合管理相关规定，统筹用于农田基础设施管护。同时，《办法》鼓励镇政府（街道办）设立农田基础设施管护员，负责农田基础设施日常巡查工作。
F | 管护员可由村干部兼任，也可通过设立公益岗予以安排。管护员由镇政府（街道办）统一管理，人员补助经费由镇政府（街道办）发放。针对财政资金安排的管护经费，《办法》明确主要用于设计使用期内的公共农田基础设施日常维修养护，必要的小型简易管护工具和运行监测设备购置等，发放管护员人员补助经费。此类经费由区农业农村主管部门负责，按预算管理规定和管护工作进度等据实支出，确保专款专用，不得挤占、截留、挪用，当年结余由财政收回。
G | 使用财政资金开展农田基础设施管护可以由区农业农村主管部门统一购买服务，也可以由镇政府（街道办）各自购买服务。采写：南都记者 莫郅骅 通讯员 穗农宣返回搜狐，查看更多责任编辑：
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